Technical Review Article | Open Access | Published 11th of July 2025

Recent Advancement In Microneedle Based Transdermal Patch

Vibha Saxena¹* Aditya Nagshankre, Anish Mhetre, Dhiraj Mundhada, Madhura More, Amit Kele, Snehal Chakorkar²

EJPPS | 302 (2025) | https://doi.org/10.37521/ejpps30212

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Abstract 

Transdermal patches based on microneedles hold the potential to increase the delivery of medicinal drugs and vaccinations through the skin while also removing biofluids for point-of-care diagnostics. Microneedle arrays have two advantages over hypodermic needles: they can be used for blood collection or drug delivery in an easy and painless manner. By altering the environment of fluid collection and subcutaneous drug delivery, the development of the required microneedle fabrication techniques has the potential to have a significant impact on the health care delivery system. The microelectronics industry uses metals, silicon, and polymers to produce needle designs with feature sizes ranging from sub-micron to millimetre. Microneedles have been produced using a variety of subtractive and additive manufacturing techniques, but the development of microneedle-based systems using conventional subtractive methods has been constrained by the limitations and high cost of microfabrication technology and additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing. The present article provides an overview of microneedle systems applications, disease targeted designs, material selection, and manufacturing methods, microneedles under preclinical study into the market, and patents available.

Keywords: Microneedle, Transdermal drug delivery, Targeted disease

Introduction

The effectiveness of pharmaceutical products depends on how the active substance is transported to the body and its properties. It is essential to consider the medicine's properties when determining the optimal drug delivery approach. Oral administration is convenient for self-administration by patients, but it poses challenges for biopharmaceuticals. Injections offer high bioavailability and fast medication action, but patient compliance and administration skills are limitations. Therefore, the ideal drug delivery strategy should be simple, e.g. oral intake, and provide a level of bioavailability comparable to injections. Transdermal administration offers the benefit of avoiding the first-pass impact and enabling continuous medication release. However, the stratum corneum's barrier makes drug delivery challenging.¹ Transdermal medication delivery is made possible by microneedles, which have a high drug bioavailability and are simple to self-administer. Furthermore, it is a less intrusive and painless technique that allows the medicine to directly penetrate the stratum corneum, the skin's greatest barrier. The design of the microneedles and the drug composition can regulate the dosage, delivery rate, and effectiveness of the medications. Studies on microneedles designed to deliver medications and cosmetics have been carried out so far, utilizing a variety of manufacturing techniques and materials. Clinical investigations and animal experiments have proven the safety and effectiveness of microneedles. In this review, we discuss the types of microneedles required for microneedle design, the necessary materials for manufacturing, and the various manufacturing processes involved²,³. The article discusses the development of microneedle transdermal patch technology, which aims to improve drug delivery through the skin. It draws attention to the possibilities of this technology to address issues like poor absorption and enhance transdermal drug delivery effectiveness. The article explores various microneedle platforms, including solid, hollow, dissolvable, coated, and hydrogel-forming microneedles, for applications in biomedical fields like breast cancer therapies, immune therapies, diabetes management, and psoriasis treatment. It also discusses the fabrication methodologies and materials used to improve patient compliance, reduce pain, and enhance drug delivery efficiency.

2. Transdermal Drug Delivery System:

Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is a method of administering medication through the skin to achieve a systemic effect. It involves using a patch that contains a specific dose of medication, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream over a predetermined period. This approach offers benefits such as avoiding first-pass metabolism, reducing systemic adverse reactions, and being painless. TDDS, also known as patches, significantly impacts the distribution of therapeutic agents, particularly in treating central nervous system and cardiovascular disorders. The adhesive is crucial for the system's safety, effectiveness, and quality. TDDS is a growing research method for noninvasive medication delivery.

Figure 1: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20232-26997

3. Challenges Faced by the Conventional Method:

A conventional transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) applies medication through gels or patches placed on the skin. Drug administration is made convenient and non-invasive with this procedure. However, because of the skin's barrier qualities, it presents difficulties which are described below.

3.1 The stratum corneum which serves as protection for the skin, poses a challenge for traditional transdermal drug delivery systems.

3.2 Drugs, particularly those with certain physicochemical features, have difficulty penetrating this layer of the skin. A molecular weight of less than 500 Da, sufficient lipophilicity, and a low melting point are some of these characteristics⁴.

3.3 It is not possible to administer drugs that require high blood levels.

3.4 A drug or drug formulation may cause skin irritation.

3.5 It is also challenging for hydrophilic medications and macromolecular substances to penetrate skin, including peptides, DNA, and small interfering RNA.

3.6 The skin's barrier qualities restrict the path that pharmaceuticals can take, which makes it difficult for traditional TDDS to efficiently administer several kinds of medications

4. Types of TDDS:

4.1 Reservoir system: A type of transdermal drug delivery device consisting of an adhesive layer, a rate-controlling membrane, and a chemical reservoir. Within the drug reservoir is the drug formulation in question. Through the rate-control membrane, it is applied topically. With the rate-controlling membrane regulating the drug's release, a consistent and controlled delivery rate is ensured. The long-term, sustained release of medication is made possible by this technique, which provides a stable and controlled plasma concentration. A treatment that needs to have a continuous and prolonged therapeutic effect can greatly benefit from the reservoir system because of its capacity to maintain a steady drug delivery rate over time. To deliver a precise dosage at a nearly constant rate is the aim of the reservoir system. The use of a reservoir system can greatly benefit drugs that require consistent and closely monitored administration over an extended period. It offers a useful and effective method of drug delivery, lowers the risk of undesirable side effects, and enables the preservation of a steady plasma concentration. All things considered, the transdermal reservoir drug delivery technique is a helpful approach to achieving steady and regulated drug release, ensuring a constant therapeutic effect over time⁵.

4.2 Matrix system: An alternative type of transdermal drug delivery system is the matrix system, which uses a polymer matrix to distribute the drug reservoir. This technology allows for the controlled release of drugs through the skin and into the bloodstream. The matrix system is intended to distribute medications continuously and under control for a long period of time. The primary elements of this system are the medication, permeation enhancers, and polymer matrix. The matrix system will release the medicinal product to the skin at a regulated and predictable rate from the reservoir. The medication has the intended therapeutic effect after it is delivered via the skin and reaches the bloodstream. The medication may be released from the matrix system using various release kinetics, such as zero-order kinetics. One benefit of the matrix system is that it provides an easy and efficient means of delivering medications for systemic effects. This medication administration tool is versatile and can be used to dispense a range of medications, including potent ones, pharmaceuticals with short biological half-lives, and drugs with limited therapeutic indices. The matrix system is versatile and can be adjusted to meet the desired drug release profile, making it suitable for various therapeutic applications.⁶ ,⁷

4.3 Microneedle Based System: In transdermal drug delivery, microneedle-based devices provide a unique strategy that overcomes several limitations of conventional drug delivery technologies by improving drug distribution via the skin using micron-sized needles. These microneedles can be produced with a variety of shapes, sizes, and characteristics by employing procedures including microfabrication, 3D printing, and micromachining. Delivering a broad spectrum of therapeutic compounds, such as small molecules, biomacromolecules, vaccines, and genes, has demonstrated potential for the system. Microneedles have been shown to be both safe and effective in various preclinical and clinical investigations, some of these studies have even advanced to phase III clinical trials. By offering better sickness prevention, diagnosis, and control as well as improving health-related quality, this technology has the potential to completely transform transdermal drug administration.⁸,⁹

5. Mechanism of Action of Microneedles:

Microneedles, which are tiny needles arranged on a small patch, create temporary micropores in the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. This process enhances drug permeability by overcoming the barrier qualities of the stratum corneum, allowing medicines to enter the systemic circulation. The microneedles can be filled with medication solution or coated with it. When gently pressed onto the skin, the microneedle device creates transient micropores in the stratum corneum. These tiny needles enable medication to pass through the transepidermal gap in the stratum corneum, facilitating drug entry into the skin. This technique offers painless and self-administrable medication delivery, increasing drug bioavailability while reducing systemic adverse effects.¹⁰, ¹¹

6. Method of Preparation:

6.1 Microneedle Based System: Microneedle-based devices can be produced using classic subtractive procedures as well as quick prototyping techniques like lithography, hot embossing, and micromoulding. Microneedle structures suitable for a wide range of biological applications can be produced using these techniques in a multitude of sizes, shapes, and densities. Furthermore, microelectronic integrated manufacturing technology (MEMS) and conventional micromachine technologies are employed in the creation of microneedles. By employing moulds based on laser ablation, high-aspect-ratio microneedles can also be made cheaply and without a cleanroom. Precision heights and tip angles of microneedles may be produced with these moulds thanks to the COL pattern engraved on acrylic surfaces by a CO2 laser cutter.¹²,¹³,¹⁴

6.2 For Permeable Microneedles: The preparation of the microneedle solution involves mixing an aqueous dispersion of Eudragit NM30D with a PVA solution, which is then centrifuged and inserted into a polydimethylsiloxane mould under vacuum. The solution is evenly distributed using a glass rod and vacuum-filled into each pinhole, then left to dry at ambient temperature. The microneedles are kept in a drying cabinet for backup at specific temperature and humidity conditions.¹⁵

6.3 For Solid and Hollow Microneedles by a Microelectromechanical System [MEMS]: MEMS technology allows for the creation of moulds for solid, hollow, and dissolved microneedles directly from a substance substrate. Material deposition, patterning, and etching are the three processes in the process.¹⁶,¹⁷ Using chemical or physical vapour deposition techniques, a thin layer is initially created on a substrate.¹⁸,¹⁹,²⁰. In the second phase, called patterning, the original photomask's two-dimensional master pattern of the desired material is transferred to the substrate coated with photosensitivity. Typically, lithography techniques such as photolithography, ion beam lithography, or X-ray lithography are utilised, with a silicon wafer serving as the substrate.²¹,²²,²³.

6.4 Photolithography Photolithography is a process used to create MN moulds, which are then applied to the selected material after creating a negative mould from poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS).²⁰. Etching is used to create designs on the material's surface, using a strong acid or caustic chemical to remove exposed portions of the substrate. There are two categories of etching: wet and dry. Wet etching involves immersing the substrate in a chemical liquid to remove superfluous material, resulting in silicon or metallic MN arrays. Either variable rates (anisotropic etching) or the same rates (isotropic etching) can be used.¹⁸,²⁴. Dry etching, on the other hand, is achieved using a vapour phase, plasma, etc. There are two main types of dry etching: ion-beam milling (IBM) and reactive ion etching (RIE). The process of RIE relies on a reaction between gas and substrate that permits the modification of the number of ions affecting isotropy.²⁵. Off-plane MNs can be produced via deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), also known as the Bosch technique. The method produces hollow MNs with a wide lumen and a ratio of 30:1 between width and height. Combining isotropic dry and anisotropic wet etching yields the best results, although wet etching can lower fabrication costs.¹⁸,²⁸.

7. Recent Advancement in TDDS:

Microneedles, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and physical stimuli such as microneedles for enhanced skin barrier penetration are examples of recent developments in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). Due to these developments, the distribution of hydrophilic medications, macromolecules, and virus vaccines has been made easier, which makes TDDS a viable treatment for a range of viral infections and skin conditions.²⁷,²⁸

Microneedle: A small needle that can pierce the skin painlessly is called a microneedle. The typical height and breadth of it ranges from 10–2000 μm and 10–50 μm, respectively. Vaccination, medication administration, and biosensing are just a few of the biomedical uses for microneedles. Numerous varieties of microneedles exist, each with a distinct purpose, including solid, coated, dissolving, and hollow microneedles. With their potential for therapeutic applications, microneedles can be utilized to deliver genes, proteins, RNA, medicines, and vaccinations. To facilitate the passage of medicinal compounds into the epidermis, they function by forming temporary, watery holes in the skin. Improved skin appearance and hair development have also been demonstrated with microneedles. In general, there are many uses for microneedles in the field, and they are effective, safe, and convenient.²⁹ Microneedles are constructed from a range of metals and polymers. Microneedles are often made using polymers like chitosan, poly-lactide-co-glycolide acid (PLGA), poly-L-lactic acid (PLA), and poly-glycolic acid (PGA). These polymers are biocompatible and provide several benefits, which makes them appropriate for use in therapeutic applications. To create microneedles, metals such as titanium, nickel, and steel are also employed in addition to polymers. Because of their mechanical qualities and biocompatibility, these metals are used in a variety of medical and cosmetic applications. These materials are essential to the design and performance of microneedles for drug administration and other therapeutic uses because of their unique qualities and uses.³⁰

8. Polymer and Metal used in Microneedles [natural and synthetic]

8.1 Synthetic Polymers: Microneedles are manufactured from various synthetic polymers. Each polymer exhibits distinctive properties. In the coating process, PE (polyethylene) is used. PE enhances puncture performance and increases the likelihood of drug delivery.³¹. PP (polypropylene) is also used. It too enhances puncture performance. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) degrades naturally and is known for being biodegradable, non-toxic, and stable. PLGA is therefore suitable for more sophisticated drug delivery systems.³². PEGDA (Polyethylene Glycol) diacrylate is the fabricating material for microneedles. PEGDA can be used as a monoclonal antibody in conjunction with other materials to control drug release and increase transdermal penetration.³³. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) is used as a coat for the microneedle. PVA increases safety and decreases reinsertion post-first use.³¹. These polymers exhibit diverse mechanical and drug delivery properties.

8.2 Natural Polymers: Natural polymers are obtained from organic sources including plants, algae, and animals. The use of natural polymers in microneedles is beneficial due to their sustainability and renewable nature. The utilization of natural polymer microneedles is anticipated to enhance patient adherence, decrease needle-related illness and harm, and increase immunization coverage. Natural polymer-based microneedles can revolutionize the way vaccines are delivered, and cross-drug delivery systems are developed. Among the natural polymers used in microneedles for drug delivery systems are sodium alginate, starch, dextran, gelatin, amylopectin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and chitin. These natural polymers are recommended for use in the creation of microneedles due to their biocompatibility and affordability.³⁴ Hyaluronic acid, a natural polymer found in the human body, is utilized in biosensing and drug delivery applications using microneedles. Sodium alginate, an organic polymer extracted from brown seaweed, is used in microneedles to provide medication and extract interstitial fluid. Starch, an organic polymer derived from plants, and dextran, a naturally occurring polymer derived from maize, are both used for biosensing and drug delivery. Microneedles for administering medicine and biosensing may make use of gelatin, a naturally occurring polymer derived from animal collagen, and amylopectin, a naturally occurring polymer derived from starch, is used in microneedles for pharmacological delivery and biosensing applications.³⁵

8.3 Metals Used in Microneedles: In microneedles, several metals are employed, and each has unique properties, benefits, and drawbacks. Stainless steel, titanium, nickel, palladium, and aluminum are the primary metals used. The most used metal for microneedles is stainless steel because of its superior mechanical qualities, resistance to corrosion, and biocompatibility. It is extensively employed in the manufacturing of hollow, coated, and solid microneedles. It does, however, corrode more quickly than titanium alloy. Titanium, which has excellent mechanical qualities and is biocompatible, is also a popular choice. Although it costs more, it has a higher mechanical strength than stainless steel.³⁶,³⁷. Microneedles also contain nickel and palladium, although these materials may cause problems in biological tissues, such as toxicity and inflammatory reactions. Another metal that is utilized in the creation of microneedles is aluminum, which may be employed to create hollow, coated, or solid-state needles. Various metal microneedles can be produced through procedures such as laser cutting, electroplating, and photochemical etching. Metals create some difficulties in the production of microneedles, despite their outstanding mechanical qualities and biocompatibility. Because of biological tissues' inflammatory and immunological reactions, as well as the intricacies of the production process, the safety problems around existing metal microneedles, for instance, may necessitate the use of other materials. In conclusion, the application-specific selection of metal for microneedles takes into account several aspects, including cost, biocompatibility, and mechanical characteristics.

Overall, titanium and stainless steel, each of which has advantages and disadvantages, remain the two most popular choices for use in microneedles.³⁷,³⁸

8.4 Fabrication of Microneedles: There are several materials and methods for fabricating microneedles. Amongst the popular manufacturing techniques are hot embossing, laser ablation, electroplating metal layers, isotropic and/or anisotropic wet and/or dry etching procedures, micromoulding techniques like hot embossing, plasma etching, 3D printing, and drawing lithography. Microneedles can be made of a variety of materials, including polymers, metals, and silicon. The application and required microneedle properties determine the methodology and material to be used for manufacture.³⁸,³⁹

9. Types Of Microneedles: Table1 describes the types of microneedles available on the market.

Table 1: Types Of Microneedles

Type	Material	Use	Dose	Structure	Delivery Rate
Coated	Polymer, Sugar, Lipids	One time	Small Dose	Complex	Rapid
Hollow	Sugar Polymer	Reusable	High Dose	Simple	Rapid
Dissolving	Polymer	One time	Small Dose	Complex	Slow
Solid	Polymers, Metals	Reusable	Small Dose	Simple	Rapid [40]
Hydrogel Forming	Synthetic Polymer, Macro and Micromolecules	Reusable	Small Dose, High Dose	Complex	Rapid

9.1 Hollow Microneedles: Thin needles having a hollow core that can be utilized for monitoring and medication administration are called hollow microneedles, or HMNs. Its purpose is to pierce the skin in order to harvest bodily fluids or administer medications straight into the layers of living skin. One benefit of HMNs is that they may be employed for sensing and theranostics applications, in addition to painless and less invasive medication administration. Advanced microfabrication techniques, including photolithography and microfluidics, are commonly employed in the production of hybrid metal nanostructures (HMNs). Delivering drugs transdermally has demonstrated the effectiveness of HMNs, and they may find use in customized medicine and vaccine administration.⁴¹

9.2 Solid Microneedles: The transdermal medication delivery method uses solid microneedles, which are needles with a size of microns. They lack voids and channels since they are composed of a single substance. Pharmacological administration with solid microneedles is effective, secure, and easy. Vaccinations, insulin administration, and cosmetics are just a few of the uses for them. Solid microneedles are safe and effective when they are used according to certain application sites on the body. These conditions include length, density, and array size. When used in therapeutic settings, solid microneedles are well-tolerated and made to pierce the skin painlessly.⁴²

9.3 Coated Microneedles: Small needles coated with medication for transdermal administration are known as coated microneedles. Microneedles can be coated through various methods like gas jet drying, spray coating, electrohydrodynamic atomization, dip coating, and piezoelectric inkjet printing. Drug dose and homogeneity may be precisely controlled with these procedures. A range of medications, including tiny molecules, peptides, proteins, DNA, and viruses, are being explored for delivery using coated microneedles. They could provide regulated and customized drug administration by offering an effective and minimally intrusive method of administering medications and vaccinations via the skin.⁴¹

9.4 Dissolving Microneedles: Dissolving microneedles are incredibly tiny needles that dissolve in the skin, enabling less invasive medication administration. Water-soluble ingredients like sugars and polymers are used to make them. Peptides, proteins, and other large-molecular-weight chemicals, as well as low-molecular-weight medications, may all be delivered using these microneedles. They are made to break through the skin, provide the medication, and then disintegrate, leaving no harsh residue in their wake. Because they can improve medication transport through the skin with little discomfort, dissolving microneedles present a viable method for transdermal drug administration.⁴²

9.5 Hydrogel Forming Microneedles: Hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMs) are a new type of microneedle with potential applications in transdermal drug delivery and minimally invasive monitoring devices. HFMs have a hydrogel-swelling nature that allows them to extract interstitial fluid from the skin passively, making them suitable for biocompatible and minimally invasive monitoring devices. HFMs are formed from hydrogels, which can absorb and retain large amounts of water, allowing them to swell and extract fluid from the skin, enabling personalized healthcare monitoring and treatment. Recent trends in microneedle development have shifted towards HFMs, consolidating design considerations, hydrogel formulations, and fabrication processes. HFMs offer advantages such as enhanced patient compliance, painless application and effective drug delivery across different skin layers, and sustained drug release due to tunable and controlled release.⁴³

Figure 2: Macromolecular Bioscience, Volume: 21, Issue: 2, First published: 26 November 2020, DOI: (10.1002/mabi.202000307)

10. Microneedles used for Targeted Disease: Table 2 describes various diseases which are targeted by microneedles.

Table 2: Microneedles used for targeted diseases

Delivery of Vaccine	• Better immunological response and reduced cost. • Dissolvable microneedles are used to immunize mice against influenza, enhancing lung IgA titers, immune responses, and antibody secretion. • A recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1 vaccine is administered to COVID-19 mice using dissolvable microneedles, which shows a potent antigen-specific antibody response two weeks post-immunization and maintains immunogenicity after sterilization.⁴⁴,⁴⁵
Treatment of Breast Cancer	• Microneedles made of zein, a corn-derived prolamine protein, are used to deliver anti-cancer drugs like gemcitabine and tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment. Zein MNs are encapsulated with both drugs, and coatings like glycerol and PEG 400 are used to create the master mold for the micromolding process.⁴⁶,⁴⁷ • Docetaxel and doxorubicin were co-delivered via a micromoulding technique to treat breast cancer. The medications were layered using the polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK360) epitome approach. The MNs disintegrated in less than an hour after being embedded in the skin. The MN-based combination of both medications seemed to have a higher survival rate.⁴⁸,⁴⁹
Treatment of Psoriosis	• Microneedles may penetrate the skin's surface, using them to treat psoriasis has many significant benefits. The hydrophilic nature of methotrexate (MTX) makes it ineffective as a topical therapy. To improve its effectiveness, a DMN patch made from hyaluronic acid (HA) is developed to treat psoriasis.⁵⁰,⁵¹,⁵²
Treatment of Osteoarthritis	• Using MNs in OA treatment can prevent hepatic metabolism, lower the risk of severe adverse medication responses, and achieve an easy way to stop drug delivery. • Glucocorticoid-loaded MNs were effective in reducing edema and inflammation in rats with knee arthritis. • Meloxicam, encapsulated in MNs using polyvinyl alcohol and pyrrolidone, shows anti-inflammatory activity comparable to approved oral tablets in rats, which demonstrates its high efficiency, stability, and safety. Two-layer MNs with meloxicam encapsulated at the tip are generated for quick drug release.⁵³
Treatment of Obesity	• Therapeutic activity of caffeine against obesity and the potential of dissolving HA-based microneedles are useful for localised obesity.⁵⁴ • Browning agent like beta3-adrenoreceptor agonist, thyroid hormone T3 can convert white adipose tissue to brown with the help of dissolving microneedle suppressing weight gain.⁵⁵ • Rosiglitazone (Rosi) encapsulated browning patch inhibits fat gain and improves insulin sensitivity.⁵⁶
Treatment of Diabetes	• Glucose responsive microneedle array patch for type-I diabetes treatment which regulates glucose level by delivering insulin. This smart patch offers rapid, painless and safer diabetes treatment option.⁵⁷,⁵⁸ • Alginate based patches could be effective for diabetes 2.⁵⁹

11. Microneedle Drug Technology Under Preclinical, Clinical Study and into the Market: Recent advancements in microneedle platforms have further expanded their potential applications.

Table 3: Microneedle Drug Technology Under Preclinical, Clinical Study and into the Market

Name	Stage at market	Drug Dosage	Indication
Microneedle Patch – MRSA	Preclinical/ clinical	Vancomycin hydrochloride 100 microgram	Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections⁶⁰
TPM – Oxycodone Patch	Preclinical/ clinical	Oxycodone	Pain management⁶¹
Teribone Microneedle Patch System	Preclinical/ clinical	Teriparatide acetate	Treatment of Osteoporosis⁶²
COVID-19 DNA Vaccine Microneedle Patch	Preclinical/ clinical	SARS- CoV-2 vaccine	Vaccine delivery⁶³
4PMigraine Transdermal Patch	Preclinical/ clinical	Dihydroergotamine Mesylate	Acute migraine therapy⁶⁴
Buprenorphine Transdermal Patch	Market	10microgram/hr.	Treatment for withdrawal symptoms⁶⁵
Tulobuterol Transdermal Patch	Market	Each Tulobuterol 2.5cm2 patch contains Tulobuterol 0.5mg	Preventing symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.⁶⁶

12. Patents Available for microneedles: As the field of medical technology continues to evolve, the development of innovative techniques and devices has become increasingly crucial in addressing various healthcare challenges. One such innovative approach is the use of micro-needles, which have garnered significant attention in the medical arena as an alternative to traditional drug delivery methods.

Table 4: Patents Available for micro needle

Invention	Patent No	Applicant	Inventor
Medical agent dispensing systems, methods, and apparatuses	US2022273924A1	Deka Products Lp [US]	Kamen Dean, Lanigan Richard⁶⁷
Method of administering a dual therapeutic  and cosmetic  agent	US2022265589A1	Nanomed Skincare Inc [US]	Xu Bai⁶⁸
A method for manufacturing a microneedle	KR102427901B1	Daewoong Therapeutics [KR]	Kang Yoonsik, ImJiyeon, EumJaehong, Lee Booyong, Kim Donghwan, Kang Bokki⁶⁹
Microneedle arrays and methods for making and using	US2022111189A1	Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc [US]	Alary Marc, Hopson Peyton, Liu Jan-Joo, Lunde Erik, Patel Bharat, Morano Emanuel⁷⁰
Drug delivery using microneedle arrays	US2022273926A1	University Nebraska [US]	Tamayol Ali, Derakhshandeh Hossein, MostafaluPooria⁷¹
Silicon-based ice microneedle	CN114588527A	University Suzhou	Su Xiaodong, Cheng Wei, Zou Shuai, Ni Mengfei, Dai Longfei⁷²

Conclusion

Microneedle technology has emerged as a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery, offering advantages over traditional methods. These miniature needle-like structures can painlessly penetrate the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, and deliver a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, proteins, and even vaccines. The real advantage of microneedle-enhanced drug delivery lies in the fact that the drug is actively injected into the patient, allowing for varying dosages and complex delivery profiles over time. Microneedles can be designed to achieve burst or sustained release of the cargo, or to respond to internal/external triggers for optimized therapeutic efficacy. Delivering pharmacologically active molecules into the deeper layers of the skin using microneedles can minimise pain, improve biosafety, and enable self-applicable systems. Recent advancements in microneedle platforms have further expanded their potential applications. Microneedles have been explored for transdermal treatment, from prophylaxis to therapeutics, and have demonstrated versatility in delivering a wide range of substances with diverse physicochemical properties. The development, use, and future prospects of microneedle patches as a medication and vaccine delivery system have been outlined in this review. Microneedle patches provide a more convenient, painless, and non-invasive way to administer and deliver reagents compared to traditional methods. Additionally, there is no need for a cold chain during storage and transportation, and there is a reduction in sharp medical waste, needle-related injuries, and the spread of blood-borne infectious diseases in rural areas. Notwithstanding the notable advancements in preclinical research about microneedle patches, additional testing will be necessary before clinical use. To enhance this delivery platform, more research should be done in a variety of disciplines, including immunology, materials science, and vaccination. Microneedle patches have advantages in dosage sparing, safety, and treatment compliance.

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Author Information

Authors:

Authors: Vibha Saxena¹* Aditya Nagshankre, Anish Mhetre, Madhura More, Dhiraj Mundhada, Amit Kele, Snehal Chakorkar²

01. Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, India

02. Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, India

Corresponding Author:

Ms Vibha Saxena, Assistant Professor

Address: Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Pimpri, Maharashtra, Pune 411018

Email: vibhas08@gmail.com

Telephone: 7428086433