Peer Review Article | Open Access | Published 20 July 2021
Comparative Evaluation of Amorphous Polymers in Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Famotidine Through Solid Dispersion
Ankit Mishra, Priyanka Chaturvedi (Sagar Institute of Research and Technology ), Pranali Mishra, MS Sudheesh (Department of Pharmaceutics, VNS Group of Institutions) | EJPPS | 262 (2021) | Cite this article | Click to download pdf
Abstract
The present study aimed to enhance the dissolution rate, therefore bioavailability, of famotidine (FMT) using its solid dispersions (SDs) with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-K 30, milk powder, and inulin, both in-vitro and in-vivo. The study was also aimed to compare the effect of different amorphous polymers in enhancing the dissolution rate of FMT. The SDs were prepared with a 1:4 weight ratio by a solvent evaporation technique. Evaluation of the properties of the SDs was performed using dissolution, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The SDs of FMT exhibited an enhanced dissolution rate. The FTIR spectroscopic studies showed the stability of FMT and the absence of well-defined drug excipient interaction. The XRD studies indicated the amorphous state of FMT in SDs. The drug release rate of all SDs formulation was found to be greater than the pure drug. Within one hour of dissolution studies, 99.43%, 92.5%, and 58.93% drug release were obtained, respectively, for PVP K-30, milk powder, and inulin. The first two were showing significantly higher release. SDs were also studied for bioavailability studies in-vivo in rats, which confirms that the SDs prepared by PVP K-30 and milk powder significantly enhancing the bioavailability of FMT. The maximum concentration of 15.05±2.45 μg/ml was achieved in 2 hours, and the area under the curve was found to be 33.78±7.3 μg. hour/ml. Therefore, the study results conclude that SDs of the FMT prepared by PVP K-30 successfully increases the dissolution and in-vivo bioavailability.
Keywords – Solid dispersion, Second generation solid dispersions, Famotidine, In-vivo bioavailability, amorphous polymers, dissolution enhancement, solubility enhancement.
1. Introduction
Famotidine (FMT) is a potent histamine H2 receptor antagonist used to treat peptic ulceration, reflux esophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and other conditions in which gastric acid reduction is beneficial. Additionally, it is less likely to bind to cytochrome P-450 or gastric alcohol dehydrogenase, so it has a low tendency for significant drug interactions. The preparation of solid dispersions (SD) is considered an excellent technique for increasing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and increasing the dissolution rate.¹ According to BCS (Biopharmaceutics Classification System), FMT is classified as a Class IV substance due to its poor solubility and permeability². These characteristics can lead to reduced absorption and be a problem in achieving the therapeutic potential of these drugs, especially in oral administration. Several techniques have been developed to improve the bioavailability of such drugs. If not dissolved uniformly throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the drug leads to incomplete and variable absorption. Hence, a dosage form that achieves good solubility would be presented at the absorption site for improving its bioavailability and reducing its wastage³.
Carrier selection is critical to the properties of the final solid dispersion. The solid dispersion was classified into crystalline solid dispersion and amorphous solid dispersion according to the physical state of the vehicles. Furthermore, the dispersions are also divided into four generations according to their composition. The first generation is the crystalline solid dispersion, which leads to a low dissolution rate due to the crystalline vector and low stability⁴. The second generation is an amorphous solid dispersion containing an amorphous solid solution (glass solutions) and amorphous solid suspensions based on the physical state of the drugs⁵. The third is the amorphous solid dispersion with surfactant additives or self-emulsifying agents capable of overcoming precipitation and recrystallization⁶.
The third solid dispersion contributes to the improvement of the dissolution rate and the decrease of supersaturation precipitation. The latest generation solid dispersion is a controlled release solid dispersion, and these transporters are insoluble or poorly dissolved in water so that they can support the release of water-soluble poor drugs⁷.
In the current work, PVP-K 30, milk powder, and inulin-based FMT SDs were prepared, using the solvent evaporation method with their respective carriers in various ratios and grinding time⁸. FMT has poor water solubility, which provides challenges in the formulation development process. The main reason for the inadequate bioavailability of the drug is its low dissolution rate and low solubility in an aqueous medium⁹. Today a large number of hydrophilic vehicles are discovered, which have shown significant results for improving solubility. Nowadays, most of the drug substances have been innovated, but the enterprise to improve the solubility and dissolution of hydrophobic drug substances remains one of the most challenging tasks in drug development. Dissolving the drug in an aqueous medium such as gastric fluid is essential to achieve better absorption and bioavailability of the orally administered drug. This study aims to compare the solid dispersion of FMT prepared from different polymers and amorphous agents. This study is aimed at estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters of the solid dispersion prepared from different polymers¹⁰.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Material
The gift sample of FMT was received from Ankur pharma (Baddi, India). PVP K-30 from Fishers, (India). Inulin from Acros organics (Mumbai, India). Milk powder was purchased from Nestle (India). Heparin was obtained from Biological E Ltd (Hyderabad, India). HPLC grade ethanol or HPLC grade acetonitrile was obtained from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India) Hydrochloric acid, Himedia Pvt. Ltd (India) and all the other chemicals and solvents used were of pharmaceutical and analytical grade.
2.2 Preparation of solid dispersion
SDs containing FMT with PVP K-30 (fishers), milk powder, and inulin were prepared by the solvent evaporation method and respectively denoted by F1, F2, and F3 throughout the study. The ratio of drug and polymer was fixed at 1:4. The drug and carrier were mixed in ethanol and kept in a magnetic stirrer until the complete removal of solvent. The solid mass was lyophilized for complete drying and removal of the solvent. The solid mass was pulverized and passed through a sieve of 250 µm to get uniformly sized particles¹¹, ¹². The poly-dispersibility index confirmed uniformity in size via Horiba SZ-100 particle size analyzer; the value of <0.6 was considered optimum.
2.3 Determination of percent drug content:
The SDs equivalents to 10 mg of FMT were dissolved separately in 100 ml of 0.1 N HCl. The solution was filtered and further diluted so that the absorbance fell within the range of the standard curve. The samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane filter, and the drug content was determined spectro-photometrically at 266.5 nm. UV spectroscopy study of other excipients was performed in the expected concentration of 5 – 50 µg/ml for the confirmation of interference in the UV range, and no significant absorbance was found in the range of absorbance of the drug.
2.4 Percent practical yield:
Percentage practical yield was calculated to know the efficiency of any method, thus its help in the selection of the appropriate method of production. SDs were collected and weighed to determine practical yield (PY) from the following equation-
PY (%) = [Practical Mass (Solid dispersion) /Theoretical Mass (Drug+ Carrier) ×100
2.5 Saturation solubility studies
Equivalent amounts of SD formulations were placed in a flask with a glass stopper containing 0.1N HCl, distilled water, and ethanol. The samples were placed on a shaker incubator, agitated at 37 ± 0.5ºC. The aliquots were removed at 0, 30, 60, and 180 mins until saturation was achieved. Aliquots were filtered through Whatman filter paper. The filtered samples were diluted and assayed using a UV visible spectrophotometer against a blank prepared¹³, ¹⁴.
2.6 FT-IR Spectroscopy
FT-IR spectroscopies of compounds were performed for studying the interaction between materials. FTIR is also helpful for the identification of the compound. FT-IR Spectroscopy of FMT, polymers, physical mixture, and the formulation was done using diamond crystals. Various peaks in the FT-IR spectrum were interpreted to identify different groups in the structure of the drug and their mixture. FT-IR spectroscopy can also be used to investigate and predict any physicochemical interactions between different components.¹⁵
2.7 Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)
All powder samples were examined by wide-angle XRD using a copper target and nickel filter. Powder XRD of drug, polymers, and formulations was done with the voltage of 40 kV and the current of 40 mA; samples were analyzed ranging at room temperature over a range of 2-60º with a sampling interval of 0.01º 2 and a dwell time of 2 seconds¹⁶.
2.8 In-vitro dissolution study
A dissolution apparatus II of the USP (paddle) type was used in this study. An appropriate amount of solid dispersion with particle size 120 to 150 mesh, physical mixtures containing 10 mg of FMT, was taken in the dialysis bag MW 1000-5000 Dalton. The SDs were placed into the apparatus before the initiation of the dissolution testing. Dissolution was performed at 37±0.5ºC and 50 rpm. To identify potential differences in the dissolution profile of the pure drug and physical mixture of SD was also studied similarly, 900 mL of 0.1N HCl was used. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15,30, 40, and 60 minutes using an automatic sampler type Distek Evolution 4300 and analyzed immediately after sampling, according to an appropriately validated UV method, at 266.5 nm, using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer type Shimadzu 1700 (Kyoto, Japan). Each test was performed in triplicate and represented as mean and standard deviation ⁵, ¹⁷.
2.9 In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies
For evaluating SDs effect on the drug’s in-vivo bioavailability, relative bioavailability by comparing with the drug solution as a reference with F1 and F2 was studied in rats. The experiments were conducted after the approval from CPCSEA (Committee for prevention control and supervision of experimental animal’s guidelines) Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Neelbud Bhopal – Protocol No. PH/IAEC/VNS/2K12/23.¹⁸
2.10 HPLC method for estimation of famotidine
Numerous methods for FMT determination in biological samples have been referred to, and reviews have been published. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with either ultraviolet or fluorescence detection is the most common analytical method to determine FMT concentrations in biological fluids during pharmacokinetics studies¹⁹.
2.11 Preparation of mobile phase
The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: water (70:30 v/v), the flow was isocratic. All the components were passed through a 0.22 µm Millipore filter assembly and degassed by sonication before use.
2.11.1 Method development
The HPLC method for analysis of FMT in the formulation and biological samples was developed using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase in the ratio of (70:30 v/v) at 266nm with a photodiode array detector. The new method is partially validated for the estimation of FMT in biological matrix²⁰.
2.12.1 Preparation of stock and standard solutions
FMT solution was prepared by dissolving 10.0 mg of the drug in 10.0 ml methanol as the primary stock solution. The secondary stock solution was prepared by taking 1 ml of primary stock and diluting it up to 10.0 ml by methanol to form a 100µg/ml sub-stock solution. From solution of 100µg/ml dilutions of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5µg/ml were prepared.
2.12.2 Sample preparation (protein precipitation method)
For sample preparation, 1.0 ml of blood from the rat was collected in a heparinized collection tube. The blood samples were immediately centrifuged at 9468g for 15 mins at 5ºC, and plasma was stored at -20ºC. After collecting plasma, the proteins present in the plasma were precipitated by taking 100µl blank plasma, 100µl of HPLC water, and 800µl acetonitrile in an Eppendorf tube. After that, the sample was shaken for 5 mins and then centrifuged at 9468g for 12 mins. The supernatant was transferred to another Eppendorf tube. The samples were filtered and analyzed by HPLC as blank plasma.
2.12.3 Standard curve preparation in plasma
Standard dilutions were made from the stock solution in the range of 0.5 - 7.5 µg/ml comprising of 100µl of blank serum, and 100 µl of standard dilution were mixed with 800 µl of acetonitrile and centrifuged at 9468g for 15 mins. The supernatant layer was separated, and then 20 µl was injected into the HPLC system¹⁹.
2.13 Experimental design for relative bioavailability study
A single-dose, randomized study was conducted on 16 male Wistar rats(150- 200 gms). The rats were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each (n=4). All the rats fasted for 12 hr with ad libitum access to water. Group-I was a standard group without drug administration; group II was considered positive control and received pure drug suspension. The other two groups, group III and IV, received the test formulation (F1 and F2). Formulation F3 was screened out as per in-vitro results as compared to F1 and F2. The pure drug was administered at 15 mg/kg per animal by making their suspension in 0.5% CMC through oral feeding canula. The SDs were suspended in 0.5% CMC and administered at a dose equivalent to 15 mg/kg per animal. Heparinized blood sample (0.5 ml) was withdrawn from retroorbital puncture into Eppendorf tubes containing at time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours. The method used is diagrammatically presented in brief in fig 1. The blood sample was immediately centrifuged at 9468g for 15 min at 5ºC, and plasma was stored at - 20ºC until HPLC analysis¹³.
Fig 1. Diagrammatic representation of in-vivo bioavailability studies; a. Manual restraint of the rat; b. oral administration by rodent gavage needle; c. Retro-orbital puncture; d. blood collection
2.14 Analysis of study samples
After centrifugation samples collected at different time points were treated the same as blank plasma, i.e., 100 µl plasma, 100 µl HPLC water, and 800 µl of acetonitrile, then shaken for 5 min, centrifuged. The supernatant was separated and analyzed by HPLC. The blank plasma sample showed no peaks at 6.03 mins, whereas plasma samples with the drug showed peaks at 6.03 mins.
2.15 Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Stat statistical software. Tukey’s test was used to determine the difference between different formulations following ANOVA analysis. All results were considered statistically significant when p <0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Determination of percent drug content: Percent Drug content
The drug content in F1, F2, and F3 SDs was found to be 91.59±1.47, 82.72±2.41, and 60.72±5.25%, respectively, represented in Fig 2. The data indicated that the drug content in the formulated solid dispersions (SD) was within the range of 60-90% of the theoretical amount, indicating the method used for the formulation was suitable and reproducible in nature²¹. Although the significantly less (p<0.05) percent drug content in F3 may be related to less interaction between inulin and drug, it may be related to the high polar nature of inulin, leading to less interaction with less polar or nonpolar FMT²².
Fig 2 - Percent drug content of SDs
3.2 Percent practical yield
Percent practical yield of F1, F2, and F3 was 70.5±2.32, 83.5±3.43, and 74.5±2.56%. SD prepared by milk powder showed a good percent practical yield because of its nonsticky nature after preparation²³.
3.3 Saturation solubility studies
The solubility of formulations in distilled water, 0.1 N HCl, and ethanol were represented in table no. 1. The degree of supersaturation is defined as the concentration (C) of drug dissolved in the dissolution media divided by the equilibrium solubility (Ceq) of crystalline FMT in the dissolution media, that is, C/Ceq. The addition of polymers can increase FMT concentration in solution, as table no. 1 revealed. Polymers with supersaturation stabilizing effect provide increased levels of FMT in solution excessing the equilibrium solubility through either physical and/or chemical interactions with FMT molecules that inhibit precipitation. The above results may be explained as polymers may inhibit nucleation or crystal growth by adsorption on the drug crystalline interface, thereby preventing the crystal growth. PVP K-30 and milk showed an excellent concentration enhancing effect, which was in good agreement with other report²⁴,²⁵, and our further observation involving drug release further confirmed our formulation optimization.
Table No. 1 – Saturation solubility data of FMT, F1, F2, and F3
3.4 FT-IR studies of FMT, physical mixture, and formulation:
The FT-IR spectrum of pure FMT and that of the physical mixtures and optimum solid dispersions are shown in fig. 3. The spectrum of FMT showed characteristic bands at 3500 cm-¹ (N–H stretching), 1637 cm-¹ (C=C stretching), 1591 cm-¹ (in-plane bending for N–H), 1278 cm-¹ (C–N aromatic amine), 3020 cm-¹ (C-H stretching), 671 cm-¹ (=C-H bending) and 1154 cm-¹ (S=O stretching)²⁶. FTIR spectrum of the physical mixture of the drug and polymer showed no significant shift or reduction in the intensity of peaks of FMT at 1286 cm-¹ for (C-N Stretching), 1531 cm-¹ for (N=H bending), 3500 cm-¹ (N-H stretching), and 1639 cm-¹ (C=C stretching). FTIR spectrum of formulation showed some characteristic peaks of FMT such as 3423 cm-¹ for (N-H stretching), 667 cm-¹ (=C-H bending), 1670 cm-¹ (C=C stretching), and 1286 cm-¹ (C-N stretching). FTIR spectroscopic studies indicated that the drug is compatible with the polymer.
Fig 3: FT-IR spectrum of the physical mixture of A) FMT with PVP K-30; B) FMT with milk powder; C) FMT with inulin; D) F1; E) F2; F) F3.
3.5 Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
The XRD pattern of FMT shows numerous sharp, narrow, and intense peaks at different angles, reflecting its high crystallinity. The spectrum of PVP-K30, milk powder, and inulin resemble a typical amorphous material devoid of any characteristic peaks. The solid dispersion formulations were shown to consist of broader peaks with lower intensity and a decrease in the number of peaks representing a decrease in crystallinity²⁷. On comparison of the formulation pattern with that of pure drug, presented in Fig 4, it was observed that the number and intensity of peaks were found to be less in the formulation and decreased in the following order: Drug, F3, F2, and F1.
Fig 4: Powder -XRD of A) Drug; B) PVP-K30; C) Milk powder; D) Inulin; E) F-1; F) F-2; G) F-3.
3.6 In-vitro dissolution study
The results of in-vitro drug release studies in 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr are shown in fig 5. In this study, the complete release of FMT observed with sustained supersaturation of drug over one hour was achieved using different amorphous polymers.
The rate of release from different formulation was initially higher, followed by slower release. The pure drug showed dissolution of 50.0% at the end of 1 hr, while SDs showed about 99.4%, 91.6%, and 58.8% in PVP K 30, milk powder, and inulin. The percent drug dissolution increased in SDs with PVP K-30 and milk powder as these polymers convert the crystalline nature of the drug to amorphous. These water-soluble carriers may operate in the microenvironment (diffusion layer) immediately surrounding the drug particles in the early stage of dissolution since the carrier completely dissolves in a short time, enhancing the solubility. Dissolution of FMT showed significant improvement by SDs (P-value < 0.05). By solid dispersion, the dissolution rate was 1.98 times higher than the pure drug at the end of the study. The reasons for the enhancement in drug dissolution could be the dispersion of the drug in pores of PVP K-30, milk powder, and inulin. The drug dissolution and solubility enhancement mechanism proposed in this study is ‘spring and parachute,’ where amorphous drugs are often rapidly released upon dissolution, and the subsequent drop of supersaturation is caused by drug crystallization²⁸. With the outcome of this study, we can propose that such immediate release of the drug could be tuned by the nature of the polymer, which makes these solid dispersions promising candidate as a carrier for enhancing the solubility of FMT and other poorly water-soluble drugs.
Each point represents the mean± SD (n=3)
Fig 5: In-vitro drug release of famotidine, F1, F2, and F3
3.7 In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies
The plasma-drug concentration profiles of FMT after single-dose oral administration of each formulation drug were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC method as described in materials and methods. Chromatograms are presented in fig. 6, and the corresponding chromatographic data is summarized in Table No 2. The standard calibration curve and regression coefficient are presented in fig. 7.
The various parameters of the plasma-drug concentration profile are presented in fig 8 and summarized in table no. 3. Plasma-drug concentration profiles of group III & IV, i.e., F1 and F2 SDs, showed much higher drug concentration (Cmax) than group II, i.e., similarly administered FMT. These are the evidence of showing a high supersaturation degree of FMT in-vitro by SDs, which results in excellent absorption of the FMT in-vivo. Group III, i.e., showed the shortest Tmax (2 h), which was in agreement with the in vitro dissolution study results and other works of literature, and was due to the rapid onset of supersaturation²⁹. Since PVP K-30 is a pH stable polymer, which dissolves at pH > 5, the Tmax found in group III was short. The pharmacokinetic parameters, namely, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach Cmax (Tmax), were obtained directly from the data. The WinNonlin software trial version calculated the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC0-24).
The significant enhancement in oral absorption of FMT for both F1 and F2 was due to the amorphous SD, which provided a rapid increase in free-drug concentration and the ability to maintain enhanced drug supersaturation levels relatively long time in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, significant enhancement of oral bioavailability was achieved with PVP K 30 (polymer), milk powder (food material), and inulin (polysaccharides) excipients through the solvent evaporation method.
Among the various carriers, PVP K-30 showed significantly higher bioavailability, both rate, and extent, than others, which suggests the use of PVP K-30 as a suitable synthetic polymer. Milk powder also showed enhancement of bioavailability and, therefore, can be suggested as a natural carrier.
Fig 6: Chromatograms A) Methanol; B) Famotidine; C) Blank plasma; D) Drug in plasma
Table 2: Observation and calculation of chromatograms
Fig 7: Standard curve of famotidine in plasma
Figure 8: FMT plasma concentration vs. time profiles (mean±S.D) following oral administration of the pure drug and formulations 1 and 2 (n = 3).
Table 3: Pharmacokinetic parameters of FMT (mean±S.D.) following oral administration of the pure drug, formulations 1 and 2 (n=3)
Conclusion
The solubility and dissolution rate of FMT can be enhanced by using SDs of FMT with PVP-K 30, milk powder, and inulin by a solvent evaporation technique. The solubilization effect of PVP-K 30, reduction of particle aggregation of the drug, absence of crystallinity, and alteration of the surface properties of the drug particles are responsible for the enhanced solubility and dissolution rate of FMT from its SDs. From FTIR and PXRD spectroscopy, it was concluded that the molecular properties of drug and polymer suggested complexation between drug and polymer, demonstrated the formation of solid dispersion. It can be concluded that the preparation SDs of FMT with PVP-K 30, milk powder, and inulin provides a promising way to enhance its solubility and dissolution rate.
Conflict of Interest – Authors do not have any conflict of interest.
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Author Information
Dr Ankit Mishra
ORCID - 0000-0003-0795-8417
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
VNS Group of Institutions,
Neelbud, Bhopal, MP, India
Pin-462044
Email Address – mishraaa@gmail.com
Contact Number - +919827930533
Priyanka Chaturvedi Sagar Institute of Research and Technology – Pharmacy, Ayodhya Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, India 462042
Pranali Mishra and MS Sudheesh
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Neelbud, Bhopal, MP, India 462044
Acknowledgment – Authors are thankful for basic laboratory and consumable support from Management, VNS Group of Institutions, Neelbud, Bhopal, MP, India